Why seams fail
Rubber (EPDM) roofs. Many older black rubber roofs were seamed with liquid glue. In the 1980s, industry surveys found those glued seams failing and causing leaks. Federal researchers at NIST studied the problem, and the industry changed its methods. Today most rubber seams use seam tape, which holds up far better. Older glued seams are still out there on many buildings. Seams also fail when the rubber was not scrubbed clean before seaming, or when an aging sheet shrinks and pulls on its seams.
White (TPO) roofs. TPO seams are welded with hot air. A good weld is strong. One studied group of aged TPO roofs had seam welds that held up well after years in service. Problems come from welds that were too cold, too hot, too narrow, or done over dirt or moisture. Makers tell crews to check every weld with a probe. A missed bad weld can open up years later.
Tar and modified bitumen roofs. Laps between rolls can lose their bond with heat and age, mostly where blisters form near the edge of a lap.